Bone Marrow Aspiration
A bone marrow aspiration is a diagnostic procedure that withdraws a small liquid sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, using a needle and syringe. The sample is examined under a microscope to help diagnose and monitor blood cancers, anemia and other blood cell disorders.
Understanding Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone marrow contains developing blood cells suspended in a liquid-like matrix. A bone marrow aspiration draws out a small amount of this liquid marrow, allowing pathologists to examine individual cells closely under a microscope. This gives detailed information about how blood cells are forming and whether abnormal cells are present, which is important for diagnosing and classifying conditions such as leukemia and other blood disorders.
Aspiration is often performed together with a bone marrow biopsy, which removes a small solid tissue sample, during the same visit and through the same needle site. While aspiration is better suited to examining individual cells in detail, biopsy provides information about the overall structure of the marrow. Together, they give a more complete diagnostic picture than either test alone.
The sample obtained through aspiration can also be used for specialized tests, including flow cytometry, cytogenetics and molecular studies, which help identify specific subtypes of blood cancer and guide treatment decisions. Aspiration is also used during and after treatment to monitor how the marrow is responding.
What the treatment involves
Pre-procedure consultation
Your haematologist explains why the aspiration is needed, whether for initial diagnosis or to monitor an existing condition, and reviews your recent blood test results.
Site preparation and local anesthesia
The site, usually at the back of the hip bone, is cleaned and numbed with local anesthesia before the procedure begins.
Aspiration of marrow sample
A needle is inserted into the bone, and a syringe is used to withdraw a small amount of liquid marrow. You may feel a brief, sharp sensation during the actual withdrawal, which typically lasts only seconds.
Combined biopsy, if needed
A solid tissue biopsy is often taken at the same time through the same site, allowing both tests to be completed together in one procedure.
Post-procedure care
Pressure is applied to reduce bleeding at the site, and a bandage is placed. You are briefly observed before being discharged, typically the same day.
Laboratory testing and follow-up
The sample undergoes microscopic examination and, depending on the clinical question, specialized tests such as flow cytometry or genetic studies, with results reviewed at a follow-up visit.
Who this treatment may be considered for
What to expect
The procedure is generally done in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia and usually takes around 15 to 30 minutes in total.
You may feel a brief, sharp sensation for a few seconds during the actual withdrawal of the marrow sample, even with local anesthesia applied to the surrounding skin.
Mild soreness or bruising at the site can occur for a day or two afterward; the care team will provide specific aftercare instructions.
Most patients are able to go home the same day and resume regular activity within a short period, though strenuous exercise is typically avoided briefly.
Results, especially for specialized tests like flow cytometry or genetic studies, can take longer to process, and your haematologist will discuss findings with you once available.
Why choose AP Blood & Blood Cancer Centre
Because bone marrow aspiration is often the starting point for diagnosing a blood cancer, having it performed within the same hematology practice that manages ongoing treatment supports a connected, consistent diagnostic-to-treatment pathway.
Dr. Amarnadh Polisetty's clinical haematology training and experience managing blood cancers and bone marrow disorders includes routine performance and interpretation of bone marrow aspiration as part of diagnostic workups and treatment monitoring.
Common questions about Bone Marrow Aspiration
Medically reviewed by Dr. Amarnadh Polisetty, MD, DNB (Clinical Haematology)
Last reviewed on 1 July 2026
Advised to undergo a bone marrow aspiration?
Speak with a clinical haematologist to understand the purpose of the test and what to expect during your visit.