Bone Marrow Biopsy
A bone marrow biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which a small solid sample of bone marrow tissue is removed, usually from the hip bone, using a specialized needle. The sample is examined under a microscope to help diagnose blood cancers, bone marrow failure conditions and other blood disorders.
Understanding Bone Marrow Biopsy
Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. When blood tests suggest a possible problem with blood cell production, such as unexplained low counts, abnormal cells in the bloodstream, or suspicion of a blood cancer, a bone marrow biopsy allows direct examination of the marrow tissue itself, which blood tests alone cannot provide.
A biopsy differs from a bone marrow aspiration, which removes a liquid sample of marrow. A biopsy removes a small core of solid marrow tissue, which allows pathologists to examine the marrow's structure and cellularity, something that is important for diagnosing conditions like lymphoma involvement of the marrow, myelofibrosis or certain leukemias. Biopsy and aspiration are frequently performed together during the same procedure, using the same needle insertion site, to give a complete picture.
The procedure is typically done under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting and takes a relatively short time, though you may be advised to rest briefly afterward. The sample is sent to a laboratory for detailed analysis, including microscopic examination and, when needed, additional specialized testing.
What the treatment involves
Pre-procedure consultation
Your haematologist reviews your blood test results and medical history to determine that a bone marrow biopsy is needed and explains what the procedure will involve.
Site preparation and local anesthesia
The procedure is usually done at the back of the hip bone. The area is cleaned and numbed with local anesthesia to minimize discomfort during the procedure.
Tissue sample collection
A specialized hollow needle is used to remove a small core of solid marrow tissue. This step typically takes only a few minutes, and you may feel brief pressure or a dull ache.
Combined aspiration, if needed
A liquid marrow sample (aspiration) is often collected at the same time through the same site, allowing both tests to be done in a single procedure.
Post-procedure care
Pressure is applied to the site to reduce bleeding, and a bandage is placed. You are typically observed briefly before being discharged the same day.
Laboratory analysis and results
The tissue sample is sent to a laboratory for microscopic examination and any additional specialized testing, with results reviewed by your haematologist at a follow-up visit.
Who this treatment may be considered for
What to expect
The procedure is usually done in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia and typically takes around 15 to 30 minutes in total, including preparation.
You may feel pressure or brief discomfort during the needle insertion, even with local anesthesia, since the bone itself cannot be fully numbed.
Mild soreness at the site for a day or two afterward is common; the care team will give you instructions on aftercare and when to seek help if needed.
Most patients can go home the same day and resume normal activities within a day, though strenuous activity is usually avoided for a short period.
Results generally take some time to process in the laboratory, and your haematologist will discuss the findings with you at a follow-up appointment.
Why choose AP Blood & Blood Cancer Centre
Bone marrow biopsy is a core diagnostic procedure within hematology, and having it performed and interpreted by the same clinical haematologist managing your care supports continuity between diagnosis and treatment planning.
Dr. Amarnadh Polisetty's DNB training in clinical haematology and ongoing clinical practice in blood cancer and bone marrow disorders includes direct experience with bone marrow biopsy and interpretation as part of routine diagnostic and monitoring workups.
Common questions about Bone Marrow Biopsy
Medically reviewed by Dr. Amarnadh Polisetty, MD, DNB (Clinical Haematology)
Last reviewed on 1 July 2026
Been advised to get a bone marrow biopsy?
Consult a clinical haematologist to understand why the test has been recommended and what it will involve for you.